TN-C is rarely expressed in normal adult hearts but is upregulated under pathological conditions with tissue injury, tissue repair/regeneration, and inflammation (38, 39), including myocarditis (40, 41), DCM (42), rheumatic heart disease (43), myocardial infarction (44, 45), hypertensive heart disease (46), and Kawasaki disease (47). This evidence concerns the gene TNC and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.