IL4 and cryohydrocytosis: A major S. haematobium egg secretory protein H-IPSE [the homolog of IL-4-inducing principle of S. mansoni eggs (M-IPSE)], which can infiltrate the nuclei of host cells and bind genomic DNA (119), has been found to alleviate chemotherapy-induced hemorrhagic cystitis (CHC) in a mouse model via the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory pathways including the IL-1β-TNFα-IL-6 pathway, interferon signaling, and a reduction in oxidative stress (56, 120).