Among the 40 RCC-related genes covered by our panel, VHL (25%), PBRM1 (20%), and KDM5C (15%) were highly ranked mutated genes in plasma samples, and 7 of 9 patients (77.7%) harbored at least one mutation in these three genes (Fig. 2A, Supplementary Table S1). Here, VHL is linked to renal cell carcinoma.