Consistent with the fact that the majority of adults with DS show the increased expression of the APP gene with increases in the levels of fl-APP [18, 19, 21], and as previously reported [55, 56], we detected a significant increase in fl-hAPP normalized to β-actin in AD-DS brains relative to that in C/AD-DS (Fig. 3a, b). Here, APP is linked to Dravet syndrome.