NPPB and osteoporosis: As shown in Table 3, univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI, TG, HbA1c, calcium, lymphocyte count, and Hb were associated negatively with the presence of osteoporosis, whereas gender, age, diabetic duration, PP, HDL-C, NLR, circulating BNP, VPT, and prevalence of stroke, PAD, and DN positively correlated with the presence of osteoporosis.