Mice lacking just one IFN pathway (IFNαβR-/- or IFN-γR1-/- mice) (Fig 4C, panels ii and iii) also showed significant differences from WT mice, indicating that both cytokines play roles in loss of tissue integrity during co-infection, yet mice deficient in both cytokine pathways displayed the least amount of damage (Fig 4D). Here, IFNA1 is linked to coinfection.