TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: TNFα-induced mouse lung fibrosis resolution is associated with reduced numbers of alternatively activated macrophages as well as reprogramming of alternatively activated macrophages into “restorative” macrophages (Fujita et al., 2003; Redente et al., 2014), similar to what has been observed in spontaneous resolution of hepatic fibrosis (Ramachandran et al., 2012).