NTS and Stroke: Furthermore, findings of several clinical studies support these preclinical observations by documenting that the severity of stroke and traumatic brain injury, and subsequent mortality, is associated with elevated levels of bradykinin, substance P, and neurotensin (Januzzi et al., 2016; Kunz et al., 2013; Lorente et al., 2016; Nicoli et al., 2020; Zacest et al., 2010).