MAPK3 and central nervous system cancer: For example, TMEM16A activates the NF-κB signaling pathway in glioma (Liu et al., 2014), the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in HNSCC (Duvvuri et al., 2012) and the p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in hepatoma (Deng et al., 2016).