CD4 and syphilis: All variables with a p ≤ 0.1 in the univariate analysis were included in a logistic regression model using a forward stepwise approach, and adjusted for age (years), urban clinic location, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, whether on- cART, injection drug use, and having one of the following comorbidities: Pneumocystis pneumonia, Cytomegalovirus disease, syphilis, hepatitis C, cryptococcal meningitis, AIDS malignancy, toxoplasma encephalopathy, talaromycosis, non-AIDS malignancy, stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease.