The major findings in esophageal adenocarcinoma were that lipopolysaccharides, a major structure of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria, can upregulate gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines via activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB pathway and promote the occurrence of Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma (Yang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013). Here, TLR4 is linked to esophageal adenocarcinoma.