APOE and atherosclerosis: VCAM-1 is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines at atherosclerosis-prone sites of arteries in Apoe–/– and WT mice and mediates leukocyte arrest by binding to VLA-4 (Nakashima et al., 1998; Ley and Huo, 2001; Jongstra-Bilen et al., 2006).