PPARA and cancer: Additionally, the expression levels of HSL (lipolytic enzyme), MTP (a rate-limiting enzyme in VLDL secretion), CPT1 (a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the transport of long-chain FA into mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation), LCAD, HADHα (enzymes of β-oxidation), and PPARα (a critical regulator of β-oxidation) were significantly lower in cancer tissue than noncancer tissue (Figure 1(d)).