TNF and preeclampsia: For TNF-α, while evidence suggests serum concentrations do not significantly differ between those who later developed preeclampsia and women who remained healthy [42, 58, 77, 96], others report that TNF-α measured at 14-18 weeks may be a potential biomarker for the onset of preeclampsia with lower concentrations of TNF-α observed in women who later developed preeclampsia [97].