HMGB1 and hydrops fetalis: In addition to mtDNA, some other damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are used as important biomarkers and proinflammatory factors of HF, such as S100A8/A9 (calprotectin), high mobility box group box 1 (HMGB1), fibronectin extra domain A (FN-EDA), and GAL3 [129, 130].