TGFB1 and autism: The top three modules were all correlated with autism-related pathways including “TGF-beta signaling pathway,” “Notch signaling pathway,” “MAPK signaling pathway,” “long-term depression,” etc. Take “TGF-beta signaling pathway” as an example; TGF-β1 was upregulated in the brain of autistic patients (Vargas et al., 2005).