Surprisingly, while inflammatory processes such as rheumatoid arthritis (77–79) or I/R increase SUMOylation levels (42, 65, 80), Mustfa et al. reported the downregulation of Ubc9 and, with it, decreased SUMO-conjugation levels in the gut of murine and human IBD (81). The gene discussed is UBE2I; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.