TNF and infection: Likewise, when IgA deficient (IgA−/−) and WT littermate mice were intranasally inoculated with the mycobacterium surface phosphate-binding protein PstS-1 (215), IgA−/− mice were still capable of generating PstS-1 specific IgM and IgG, but revealed an increased susceptibility to BCG infection in comparison to WT mice: this was indicated by elevated mycobacterial loads in the lungs at 4 weeks post-infection, and decreased production of IFN-γ and TNF-α.