CD40LG and infection: Analyzing the number of B cells (CD45+CD11b-B220+) in the spinal cord by FACS (Figure 6A and Supplementary Figure 2), we found that EV71-infected TLR7KO mice significantly reduced the frequency and the number of B cells in the spinal cord at day 7 and day 16 post-infection (Figure 6A), which might be associated with reduced levels of IgM and IgG in the spinal cord of EV71-infected TLR7KO mice as compared with EV71-infected WT mice (Figure 5B).