In group 1 a large fraction of CVID patients (42/88, 48%) was included, who showed significantly reduced total B-cell (128 vs 206 cells/μl, p=0.008) and both CD5+ CD38+/++ CD21het CD24++ (2.6 vs 5.6 cells/μl, p=0.0013) and CD5+ CD38het CD21+ CD24+ (7.3 vs 17 cells/μl, p<0.0001) immature/transitional B-cell numbers, in the absence of overall relevant phenotypic deviations from the normal maturation profile of blood pre-GC B-cells (Supplementary Figure 3). Here, CD38 is linked to common variable immunodeficiency.