TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: In this regard, as a result of mitochondrial dysfunctions, systemic increase of OS occurs in patients of reproductive age who develop symptoms of PCOS, and who have been found to have elevated serum levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, interleukins, and proinflammatory cytokines, increased cell counts of leukocyte series such as lymphocytes and monocytes, change in tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), as well as increases in some metabolites resulting from the processes of carbonylation and oxidation of proteins and lipids (172–174).