NEFL and dementia: In addition, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that pNfL levels were associated with clinical characteristics and outcome in stroke patients (Tiedt et al., 2018; Uphaus et al., 2019; Nielsen et al., 2020), and the CSF NfL increased months before the first dementia symptoms appeared, suggesting it might serve as a preclinical marker (Bacioglu et al., 2016).