RAN and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: After the discovery of RAN translation in different microsatellite disorders (Zu et al., 2011), RAN-translated proteins were also confirmed in C9ORF72 ALS/FTD via positive immunostaining for different DPR species, throughout the central nervous system in C9ORF72 patient neurons (Ash et al., 2013; Mori et al., 2013; Zu et al., 2013).