NOX also controls the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1-β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which are elevated in the plasma and CSF of ALS patients (Poloni et al., 2000; Dengler et al., 2005) and in spinal motor neurons of SOD1G93A (Hensley et al., 2003) and SOD1G37R (Nguyen et al., 2001) mice. Here, TNF is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.