TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: This cytokine is a key anti-inflammatory signal that counteracts the pro-inflammatory effects of TNFα, IFN, and IL-1β,34 and considered as a protective signal in IBD.35–37 Although IL-6 is considered generally as a pro-inflammatory cytokine,38 recent reports highlighted a role for IL-6 in epithelial repair.39,40 The downregulation of IL-6 in hELA2A-expressing mice would therefore support an impaired capacity for epithelial repair upon ELA2A hyperactivity.