The involvement of PHDs in TAM accumulation, polarization and survival has been suggested, and in a recent study, Wang et al. have demonstrated that PHD2 overexpression in murine colon cancer xenografts (CT26 and MC38) decreased tumor burden, M2-TAM infiltration, and levels of inflammatory cytokines, namely, TNF, G-CSF, IL-8, IL-4, IL-1β, and IL-6 [90]. Here, CSF3 is linked to colonic neoplasm.