ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Ferulic acid, largely found in whole grains, has been shown to exert anti-obesity activity through the upregulation of AMPK phosphorylation, which is accompanied by a decrease in whole-body oxidative stress and inflammation—evidenced by decreased ROS generation, pro-inflammatory cytokines production, adhesion molecules expression, and circulating LDL levels—and increased adiponectin expression and circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in HFD-fed obese mice [105].