S100A8 and infection: Figure 5 shows that in bacteria incubated with hrTFF1 prior to infection, transcript levels of flaB and flgE, encoding components of the flagellum, were significantly reduced compared to the control. Similarly, virB11, encoding a component of the secretory apparatus complex virB/D, indispensable to translocate bacterial toxin to eukaryotic cells, was downregulated. However, the expression of other virulence genes (alpA, alpB, hopZ, ureA, vacA, cag1, cagA, cag25) did not change compared to the control (data not shown).