TNF and Insulin resistance: Insulin resistance can be caused by lipid accumulation, inflammatory molecules (interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) secretion by adipocytes and macrophages, mitochondrial dysfunction related to fatty acid accumulation, reduced insulin mediated glucose uptake by GLUT4, and dyslipidemia (in terms of lipogenesis and lipolysis) [8,55,63,103,112].