TGFB1 and cancer: In cancer, EMT is activated by signaling pathways from TGFβ (Transforming Growth Factor Beta), EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor), Notch, FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor), Wnt, and IGF (Insulin-Like Growth Factor), signals from tumor microenvironment (e.g., cancer-associated macrophages or fibroblasts), hypoxia and increased matrix stiffness [29,31,32,33,34].