The investigators also demonstrated that the leukocyte plasma membrane on the surface of LLV can effectively interact with the overexpressed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the tumor vasculature, activate the endothelial receptor ICAM-1 pathway, and boost vascular permeability through the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial cadherin. Here, ICAM1 is linked to neoplasm.