The activation of innate immune receptors by fungi (reviewed in [189,190,191,192]) generally follows the same pattern as bacteria, with TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and NLRP3 being common to the fungi (Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus species) most often associated with COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and sepsis. Here, NLRP3 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.