The multivariate analysis identified treatment with a non-anti-TNF bDMARD (i.e., abatacept, rituximab, or tocilizumab) as being associated with a 50% reduced risk of progression of ILD in patients with RA, whereas smoking, UIP radiological pattern, ACPA at high titers (>340), and FVC <80% at the initiation of follow-up were associated with a higher probability of progression of lung disease (Table 5). Here, TNF is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.