TNF and cancer: LUAD risk groups have mostly similar cancer-related active pathways, however only low-risk group has FoxO signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway while high-risk group has Estrogen signaling pathway, Growth hormone synthesis, secretion, and action with immune system pathways such as Antigen processing and presentation, Intestinal immune network for IgA production and Leukocyte trans-endothelial migration.