Exendin-4, a GLP-1 agonist used in DM therapy, can increase insulin secretion and reduce β-cell apoptosis by mechanisms including acetylation of iPLA2γ [131,132] as well as upregulation of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) also known as insulin promotor factor 1 [133]. This evidence concerns the gene PDX1 and diabetes mellitus.