Elevated serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 have been identified as markers of severity in acute lung damage during influenza A H1N1 virus pdm09 infection; additionally, elevated levels of IL-1β are considered an early biomarker of the severity and progression of lung inflammation in patients who require mechanical ventilation and who do not respond to conventional antimicrobial treatments [22,23]. Here, IL1B is linked to inflammation.