INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Moreover, the present study elucidated the in vivo molecular mechanism of AMF for the first time, indicating that it exerts anti-obesity and glucose-lowering effects by improving insulin sensitivity through upregulating the mRNA expression of Irs1 and Glut1. These results suggest that the enriched AMF in VS extract may contribute to the suppression of obesity and hyperglycemia in HFD-fed mice.