This trend was found in several other cytokines that had statistical p-values < 0.05, but did not meet criteria for the corrected p-value of 0.0019 (i.e., IL-1α, MIP1α, and MIP1β), with one exception being IL-4, which had a lower average in the WNV with CKD group than those without CKD. Here, IL4 is linked to chronic kidney disease.