All the above reports implicating NLRC5 in promoting tumor growth in HCC, ccRCC, glioma and ESCC are based on in vitro studies on cell lines as well as in mice lacking a functional adaptive immune system, whereas NLRC5 inhibited growth of melanoma and PDAC cells in mice with a competent immune system. This evidence concerns the gene NLRC5 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.