NLRC5 and viral infectious disease: Agents that induce IFN-I such as virus infection and TLR ligands such as polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C; TLR3), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4) and CpG oligonucleotides (TLR9) also cause moderate upregulation of NLRC5 [136,142,149,151,154].