To analyze the CD38 expression pattern and to address potential changes in SLE, we subjected total CD3+ T cells (merged from all T cell subsets in Figure 1A) to FlowSOM clustering and subsequent hierarchical metaclustering to obtain fifteen T cell clusters, comprising five CD4− CD8− T cell clusters, three CD8+ effector memory (EM) subsets, two CD4+ effector memory clusters and clusters representing naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Treg), as well as CD4+ and CD8+ central memory (CM) T cells (Figure S4). Here, CD38 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.