EGFR and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Regarding other tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, it has been found that norepinephrine facilitates tumor growth in pancreatic cancer [37], induces hepatocellular carcinoma invasion and anoikis resistance through β2-AR-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation [38], and facilitates cell proliferation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [39].