Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNFα was decreased in colon tissue of EV treated mice compared to DSS-induced colitis mice, whereas expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ were significantly increased in colon tissue of EV treated mice (Figure 5A). Here, TGFB1 is linked to colitis.