Specifically, chronic exposure of HM to bile (conjugated primary bile acids) with or without unconjugated secondary bile acid, DCA, at pH 5.5, induced significantly higher mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl2 and cancer-related inflammatory Tnf compared to HM exposed to controls (Figure 4B) (p < 0.00005; t-test multiple comparisons using Holm Sidak method). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cancer.