Interestingly, in the retinae of lasered ligature-induced mice, Pg and biofilm markedly up-regulated many OS-related genes including Perk, Atf6 and Bip, whereas it down-regulated antioxidative genes specifically Nrf2, Ho-1, Gclc, Gclm, Gpx1, Sod1, and Prdx1, which are elemental in AMD pathophysiology. Here, HMOX1 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.