TNF and age-related macular degeneration: qPCR analysis reveals significant (p < 0.01) up-regulation of angiogenic (VEGF, IL-6 and IL-8) [80], pro-inflammatory (Tnf-α, Tgf-β1, and Il-1β) [18,19] and immunosuppressive (Foxp3) genes, while there was down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory (IL-10) gene [81] in Pg- and biofilm-infected Li-CNV+ ligated mice retinae (Figure 5D), consistent with advanced AMD.