MAPK1 and cancer: The binding to TLR4 stimulates PI3K and MAPK (p38), which both activate NF-κB, and consequently stimulates expression of proinflammatory mediators, adhesion molecules (ICAM and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)), and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, a transcription factor important in cancer development and metastasis [33].