EGFR and neoplasm: Here, the authors hypothesized that the mechanism of the lidocaine-anti-tumor-effect might be based on an up-regulation of miR-539 microRNA, which inhibits signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through direct binding, thus regulating downstream signaling via extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) and the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT pathway [97].