PDCD1LG2 and neoplasm: In a landmark study on invasive CC that was conducted as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project, amplifications in multiple checkpoint-controlling immune targets have been identified in the tumor cells, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, encoded by the CD274 gene) and 2 (PD-L2, encoded by PDCD1LG2), and in the long non-coding RNA of BRCA4 in the immune cells that regulates the expression of cytosolic immune effector genes, perforin and granzyme A [9].