IGF1 and pancreatic neoplasm: Metformin showed a significant potential for pancreatic cancer chemoprevention through decreased PCSC markers and inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (pErk), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in a PDAC mouse model [167].