TBK1 and viral infectious disease: Viral infection promotes TRIM9s K63-linked autoubiquitination, recruiting GSK3β, a TBK1-interacting partner that promotes TBK1 phosphorylation [175], to the TRIM9s-TBK1 complex to promote TBK1 activation [75], whereas TRIM11 or TRIM14 interaction with TBK1 inhibits TBK1 activation in ubiquitination-independent manners [77,83].