NLRP3 and Alzheimer disease: Notably, recent in vitro studies conducted in human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP1)-derived macrophage stimulated with Aβ indicated that Leishmania infection down-regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation, significantly reducing ASC-speck formation, thus favoring the generation of an anti-inflammatory milieu, possibly protecting against AD development [41].